Multiphase resonant pulse generators

ABSTRACT

A multiphase resonant pulse generator ( 74 ) has N groups of N−1 switches ( 44,46,48 ) which, when activated, form N paths from a power supply ((Vdc)) to ground or a reference voltage. Here N is a positive integer greater than 2. Each of the paths includes an inductance ( 38,40,42 ) and N−1 switches. The signal outputs (X 1 ,X 2 ,X 3 ) from each of the N paths are cross coupled to switches belonging to the other N−1 paths to active or deactivate the groups of switches.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/344,168, entitled “Multiphase Resonant Pulse Generators,” filed Feb. 7, 2003, which claims priority to PCT Application No. PCT/US01/24801, filed Aug. 8, 2001, which claims priority to Provisional Application 60/224,253, filed Aug. 10, 2000. The content of all of these applications is incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

The multiphase resonant pulse generator was made with government support under Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA), Contract DAAL01-95-K-3528. The government may have certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

Pulse generators, and more particularly multiphase resonant pulse generators.

2. General Background and State of the Art

Many applications in electronics require a driving signal consisting of a series of pulses. Such applications exist in the fields of digital, analog, electromechanical and power electronics, among others.

Many of these applications present a load having significant capacitive reactance. In turn, this is a source of significant power dissipation.

Many applications require low power dissipation. One example is portable computers. As is well known, portable computers run on batteries. The length of time the portable computer can run on a single charge is often a very important specification.

Mathematically, the power P dissipated by a system having a capacitance C and being cycled through a voltage V at a frequency F is: P=D×F×CV ²

where D is the dissipation factor and reflects the energy efficiency of the circuit. For non-resonant systems, D is usually equal to 1 or higher. In resonant systems, the value of D can be reduced to substantially less than one.

One of the simplest ways to generate cyclic signals which have small dissipation factors is with a tuned circuit, such as an LC-tank. This type of circuit supplies a sinusoidal current and voltage waveform to the capacitive load.

Although LC-tank circuits are straightforward to operate with high efficiency, they are generally unsuitable for powering capacitive loads with “digital” properties. Typically, these applications require a multiplicity of pulse signals in the form of repetitive pulse trains with little or no overlap between pulses and with sizable “off” intervals during which individual pulse signals remain at near-zero levels. The most well-known of these timing methodologies for digital VLSI circuits is two-phase, non-overlapping clocking. See L. A. Glasser, D. W. Dobberpuhl, “The Design and Analysis of VLSI Circuits,” Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1985. Other examples include:

1. the row and column select lines of an LCD matrix;

2. micro-electromechanical devices;

3. on-chip gate and parasitic capacitance of a MOS VLSI chip;

4. off-chip capacitive loads (e.g., I/O pads) of a MOS VLSI chip;

5. bootstrapped circuits; see R. E. Joynson, J. L. Mundy, J. F. Burgess, C. Neugebauer, . . . “Eliminating Threshold Losses in MOS Circuits by Boot-Strapping Using Varactor Coupling,” IEEE Jnl of Solid-State Circuits, SC-7, No. 3, June 1972; C. L. Seitz, A. H. Frey, S. Mattisson, S. D. Rabin, D. A. Speck, J. L. A. van de Snepscheut, “Hot-Clock nMOS,” Proc. of the 1985 Chapel-Hill Conf on VLSI, April 1985; L. A. Glasser, D. W. Dobberpuhl, “The Design and Analysis of VLSI Circuits,” Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1995; N. Tzartzanis, W. C. Athas, “Design and Analysis of a Low Power Energy-Recovery Adder,” Fifth Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI, March 1995; and W. C. Athas, “Energy-Recovery CMOS,” (Massoud Pedram, editor) Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995;

6. energy-recovery CMOS circuits; see N. Tzartzanis, W. C. Athas, “Design and Analysis of a Low Power Energy-Recovery Adder,” Fifth Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI, March 1995; W. C. Athas, “Energy-Recovery CMOS,” (Massoud Pedram, editor) Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995 and S. G. Younis, “Asymptotically Zero Energy Computing Using Split-Level Charge Recovery Logic,” Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 1994; and

7. adiabatic CMOS circuits; see W. C. Athas, L. Svensson, J. G. Koller, N. Tzartzanis, E. Y.-C. Chou, “Low-Power Digital Systems Based on Adiabatic-Switching Principles,” IEEE Trans. on VLSI System, Vol 2, No. 4, December 1994 and J. S. Denker, “A Review of Adiabatic Computing,” 1994 IEEE Symposium on Low Power Electronics, October 1994.

An LC-tank circuit with a split capacitive load provides two-phase symmetrical sinusoidal signals 180 degrees out of phase. However, the signals are often not useful for clocking purposes because of the significant overlap between the phases and the almost-zero off interval.

Thus, there continues to be a very substantial need for pulse generation systems which can drive loads having significant capacitive reactance with a minimum of power dissipation.

INVENTION SUMMARY

A multiphase resonant pulse generator has N groups of N−1 switches which, when activated, form N paths from a power supply to ground or a reference voltage. Here N is a positive integer greater than 2. Each of the paths includes an inductance and N−1 switches. Signal outputs from each of the N paths are attached to loads. The signal outputs from each of the N paths are cross coupled to switches belonging to the other N−1 paths to activate and deactivate the groups of switches. The cross coupled signal outputs control the switches by producing alternating intervals of substantially sinusoidal shaped resonant pulses and intervals of substantially constant output voltage. The lengths of the intervals are unequal, with one interval N−1 times longer than the other interval. The intervals of substantially constant output voltage are produced when a group of switches is controlled by the outputs from the other N−1 paths to clamp the group of switches to the reference voltage or ground. Each one of the resulting N substantially sinusoidal shaped resonant pulses of the signal outputs are 360/N degrees out of phase with the resonant pulse of another one of the N signal outputs.

A multiphase resonant pulse generator of the present invention includes a voltage source; a load electrically connected to the voltage source; a switch electrically connected to the voltage source and the load; and a circuit inductance and a circuit capacitance of the pulse generating circuit which cause the circuit to resonate and produce a stream of substantially sinusoidal shaped resonant pulses delivered to the load. The switch is alternately activated and deactivated by a control signal so that the stream of substantially sinusoidal shaped resonant pulses delivered to the load has alternate pulse intervals and off intervals of unequal length.

The present invention also includes the method for generating multiphase pulses comprising alternately activating and deactivating a switch electrically connected to a voltage source and a load so that a stream of substantially sinusoidal shaped resonant pulses having alternate pulse and off intervals of unequal length is delivered to the load.

The multiphase pulse generator of the present invention additionally includes signal outputs where N is an integer greater than 2; N groups of switches electrically connected to each of the N signal outputs, each of the N groups of switches having N−1 control contacts for receiving control signals from the signal outputs for activating and deactivating the N groups of switches so that the N signal outputs produce substantially sinusoidal shaped resonant pulses 360/N degrees out of phase with each other.

The method for generating pulses of the present invention further comprises: supplying control voltages to activate and deactivate N electrically parallel groups of N−1 switches, the N groups controlling N signal outputs of substantially sinusoidal shaped resonant pulses 360/N degrees out of phase with each other; and coupling each one of the N signal outputs from one of the groups to a switch of another one of the groups to supply the control voltages, wherein N is an integer greater than 2.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a single phase circuit embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the relationship between the resonant blip and the linear switchback;

FIG. 3 plots r as a function of theta;

FIG. 4(a) is diagrammatic view of a three-phase resonant pulse generator comprised of three pairs of back-to-back switches;

FIG. 4(b) plots the pulse train coming from the outputs of the network of FIG. 4(a);

FIG. 5(a) is diagrammatic view of a three-phase resonant pulse generator comprised of three pull-down paths of two series switches;

FIG. 5(b) plots the overlapping resonant pulse train coming from the outputs of the network of FIG. 5(a);

FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic view of a reversed-polarity single phase resonant pulse generator embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7(a) illustrates a 2-step driver circuit suitable for use as a clock driver;

FIG. 7(b) plots the blip waveforms coming from the outputs of the network of FIG. 8 and used to sequence the four n-channel MOSFETs of the 2-step driver of FIG. 7(a);

FIG. 8 is diagrammatic view of a four-phase resonant pulse generator comprised of four pull-down paths each having three switches in parallel;

FIG. 9(a) is diagrammatic view of a three-phase resonant negative-going pulse generator comprised of three pull-down paths of two series switches; and

FIG. 9(b) plots the overlapping resonant pulse train coming from the outputs of the network of FIG. 9(a).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

While the specification describes particular embodiments of the present invention, those of ordinary skill can devise variations of the present invention without departing from the inventive concept.

The present invention includes resonant circuits and a method for constructing resonant circuits for generating streams of pulses which are substantially sinusoidal in shape and which can be configured to exhibit significant periodic intervals during which each pulse stream is held at a steady clamping level voltage close to a preset voltage (typically the positive or negative supply voltage level or ground). Here, substantially sinusoidal means that the pulses are similar in shape to the 0-180 degree or 180-360 degree portions of a sine wave. The amount of similarity in shape between the actual pulses and a sine wave can vary depending on the particular application in which the resonant pulse generator is used. The circuit topologies can be made to be all-resonant to obtain high efficiency.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,478 to Athas et al. is incorporated by reference in its entirety into the present disclosure and teaches how to implement one member of this circuit family. The patent shows how to create streams of pulses which have the desirable property that the waveforms are zero or close to zero for one-half of the cycle and have a substantially sinusoidal pulse during the other half of the cycle.

These circuits can be hooked up in a back-to-back configuration to generate two pulse streams that are out of phase by 180 degrees and are almost non-overlapping. The circuits are quite useful for a number of digital applications involving two-phase clocking (see W. Athas, N. Tzartzanis, L. Svensson, and L. Peterson, A low-power microprocessor based on resonant energy, in the IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, November 1997, pp. 1693-1701). The small amount of overlap turns out to be unimportant from a practical standpoint because of the threshold voltage and body effect in CMOS transistors.

The present invention allows the generation of an arbitrary number of non-overlapping or almost non-overlapping pulses. It can also generate overlapping pulses and pulses having opposite polarities, i.e. pulses that swing from the positive rail down towards the negative rail or ground.

FIG. 1 illustrates a single phase circuit 10 embodiment of the present invention. A input DC voltage V_(dc) 12 is input to the circuit 10 at an input 13 and the circuit outputs a signal 26 from an output 24. The circuit has an inductance L 14, a resistance R 18 and a capacitance C 20. The inductance L 14 can be connected in parallel between the input 13 and the output 24 rather than in series as illustrated in FIG. 1. The capacitance 20 represents the load capacitance and can additionally represent the source capacitance and any other combined capacitances of the circuit 10. A MOSFET switch 16 is connected so as to clamp a point 30 between the input 13 and the output 24 to a reference voltage V_(ref) 22 when the switch 16 is activated by a control signal 28. The switch 16 is activated when the control signal 28 exceeds a clamping level for the switch 16. The reference voltage 22 can be ground, as illustrated in FIG. 3 of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,478, or it can be some positive or negative value. Some operating conditions of the invention can be summarized as:

1. The switch 16 is only turned on or off when a voltage V_(S) 32 across the switch is approximately zero.

2. The switch 16 is turned on only when current flow I 34 through the inductance 14 is of the opposite polarity to the current direction formed by the path formed by V_(dc), L, and V_(ref). The inductance 14 forces the current amplitude to reverse polarity over a finite time period, while the voltage drop across the output capacitive load 20 remains zero or close to zero since a voltage 36 at the point 30 becomes approximately equal to the reference voltage 22.

3. When the switch 16 is turned off, the current and voltage follow sinusoidal trajectories that are typical of inductor-capacitor (LC) “tank” circuits, i.e., current and voltage are 90 degrees out of phase.

4. Resistive losses 18 in the LC tank circuit have a negligible effect upon the sinusoidal shape of the current and voltage waveforms when the switch 16 is turned on.

When S is off (condition #3), the output waveforms are substantially sinusoidal in shape. These waveforms are commonly referred to as “blips.” During the blip, current and voltage are modeled by the equations: I(t)=I ₀ cos ωt  (EQ 1) V(t)=V ₀ sin ωt  (EQ 2)

where I(t) is the current through the inductance 14, V(t) is the voltage V_(S) across the switch 32, ω is the angular frequency and t is time. When S is on (condition #2), the circuit is said to be in its linear switchback region. The current for this region is modeled as: I(t)=I _(It+I) _(b)  (EQ 3)

The present invention satisfies the zero-voltage-switching condition of condition #1 with the endpoint conditions of condition #2. In the above referenced U.S. patent and in the ISCAS paper (see W. Athas, L. Svensson, N. Tzartzanis, “A Resonant Clock Driver for Two-Phase, Almost-Non-Overlapping Clocks,” Proc. of the 1996 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Atlanta, Ga., May 12-15, 1996) this is done by algebraically manipulating the equations when the two phases defined by condition #2 and condition #3 are of equal duration.

FIG. 2 is a geometrical construction illustrating the relationships between equations 1-3 by mapping them onto a unit circle. The relationship between the resonant blip and the linear switchback is shown. The horizontal dimension is current and the vertical dimension above the line that passes through points A and B is voltage. Below points A and B the voltage is V_(ref) 22.

Current and voltage are normalized to I₀ and V₀ respectively. The length of the arc from A to B is equal to the length of the resonant blip as defined by EQs. 1 and 2 and by condition #2. The length of the line segments AC plus BC equals the switchback interval of EQ. 3.

The length of the arc AB should be greater than .pi. radians which corresponds to the upper half of the unit circle. At exactly π radians, there is zero voltage potential across the inductance 14 so that when S is turned on, no current will flow. Condition #2 cannot be met if the potential drop across the inductance 14 is zero.

By increasing the potential drop across the inductance 14, the portion of the circle prescribed by the arc AB increases beyond π radians. Geometrically this raises the upper half of the circle to the voltage V_(dc) (normalized to V₀) which is greater than V_(ref) 22.

The angle of interest is theta (θ) which symmetrically extends an equal amount on either side of the top half of the unit circle to the points A and B.

During switchback the line segments AC and BC define the current which linearly draws down to V_(ref) (point C) and then increases back to point A. The output voltage in this region is V_(ref) 22.

The ratio of the line segments AC plus BC to the arc AB is defined by the parameter r. $\begin{matrix} {r = \frac{{arclength}\quad{AB}}{{segmentBC} + {segmentAC}}} & \left( {{EQ}\quad 4} \right) \end{matrix}$

By definition, one half the arc distance from A to B equals the segment length from A to C times r. The radius equals one (unit circle). The tangent of angle .theta. equals the reciprocal of the segment length AC (or BC). $\begin{matrix} {{\tan\quad\theta} = \frac{r}{\left( {\frac{\pi}{2} + 0} \right)}} & \left( {{EQ}\quad 5} \right) \end{matrix}$

Finding the fixed-point of this equation can be done with numerical methods such as Newton-Raphson iterations. The value of r can also be expressed in closed form as a function of theta: $\begin{matrix} {{r(\theta)} = {\left( {\frac{\pi}{2} + 0} \right)\tan\quad\theta}} & \left( {{EQ}\quad 6} \right) \end{matrix}$

The relationship between θ and r is graphed in FIG. 3. TABLE 1 lists some key values for θ and r. Note that in U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,478, referenced above, r is unity and theta equals 0.458. The present invention provides a design method and the resulting circuits of other circuits in this circuit family. TABLE 1 r theta ¼ 0.144710826 ⅓ 0.187367843 ½ 0.265800876 1 0.457961511 2 0.7181334 3 0.884847536 4 0.999635234

When r is unity, the pulse interval and the off interval are of equal duration. For the case r>1, the pulse interval is longer than the off interval. For r<1, the pulse intervals is less than the off interval. This design procedure is used to chose a duty cycle of arbitrary duration.

FIG. 6 shows how to reverse the polarity of these circuits by using a p-channel MOSFET instead of an n-channel MOSFET, and by replacing V_(ref) 22 in FIG. 1 with a positive supply voltage V and imputing (V−V_(dc)) to the input 12. The pulses work as before except that there is a negative-going pulse 25 relative to the positive supply voltage V. In general, p-channel MOSFETs are used to pull current up from a reference voltage of approximately 5 volts while n-channel MOSFETs are used to pull current down to ground or to V_(ref) 22.

The present invention includes all-resonant multi-phase generators built using networks of switches (e.g., MOSFETs) that include series and parallel connections. An advantage of these all-resonant generators is greater power savings. The CMOS switches 16 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 6 produce I²R power losses when pulling the current to or from the reference voltage. One way to reduce these power losses is to make the switches as large as possible to lower the resistance. However, larger switches take more power to switch on and off than smaller switches. By using the cross-coupling of the resonant network, and the switch capacitance combined with the capacitance 20, to activate the switches rather than separate power supplies, power is conserved when activating the switches.

One type of network topology combines the single phase circuits 10 of FIG. 1 or 6 having r<1, wherein 1/r can have an arbitrary positive integer value. Another type of network topology combines the single phase circuits 10 of FIG. 1 or 6 having r>1, wherein r can have an arbitrary positive integer value.

FIG. 4(a) illustrates circuit 74 comprised of three circuits 38, 40, 42 having r=½ so that for each single phase circuit the duration of the off interval is twice that of the resonant pulse interval. A full cycle is defined as composed of three phases of equal duration. In one phase there is a pulse, and in the other two phases there are no pulses. The three such circuits 38, 40, 42 when combined as shown in FIG. 4(a), resonate 120 degrees out of phase with no appreciable overlap. Pairs of switches 44, 46, 48 are connected in parallel (e.g., back-to-back n-channel MOSFETS). The pull down path (the path through the switches to ground or V_(ref)) for each of the outputs (X₀, X₁, X₂) includes two switches which are controlled by the two other outputs. The result is a pulse stream of three almost non-overlapping, substantially sinusoidal pulses that are out of phase by 120 degrees as shown in FIG. 4(b).

The circuits 38, 40, 42 function as NOR circuits. The Boolean equations for the outputs X₀, X₁, X₂ of the circuit 74 are: X₀=X₁ˆX₂ X₁=X₂ˆX₃ X₂=X₁ˆX₃

Only one of the circuits outputs a pulse at a given time since an output from one of the circuits will clamp the outputs of the other circuits to the reference voltage or to ground. Thus, for example, a signal is output from “X₀” when the inputs “X₁” and “X₂” to the switches 44 are below the threshold values of the switches. The signal “X₀” is then input into the other switches 46, 48, clamping their respective outputs to zero. When the conditions #1 and #2 described above are satisfied by the circuit 38, the switch 44 is activated, clamping the output “X₀” of the circuit 38 to ground and the other circuits 40, 42 then sequentially produce output pulses as did the circuit 38 until a full cycle is completed.

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of the invention utilizing circuits having r=⅓ so that for each single phase circuit the duration of the off interval is three times that of the resonant pulse interval. A full cycle is defined as including four phases of equal duration. For each circuit, in one phase there is a pulse, and in the other three phases there are no pulses. Four such circuits 62, 64, 66, 68 when combined to form the circuit 72 as shown in FIG. 8 will resonate 90 degrees out of phase with no appreciable overlap. Triplets of switches 44, 46, 48 (e.g., MOSFETS) are connected in parallel. The pull down path (the path through the switches to ground or V_(ref)) for each of the outputs (A, B, C, D) includes three switches which are controlled by the three other outputs. The result is a pulse stream of four almost non-overlapping, substantially sinusoidal pulses that are out of phase by 90 degrees as illustrated in FIG. 7(b).

The circuits 62, 64, 66, 68 function as NOR circuits. The Boolean equations for the outputs A through D of the circuit 72 are: A=BˆCˆD B=AˆCˆD C=AˆBˆD D=AˆBˆC

Only one of the circuits outputs a pulse at a given time since an output from one of the circuits will clamp the other circuits to the reference voltage or to ground. Thus, for example, a signal is output from “A” when the inputs “B”, “C”, “D” to the circuit 62 are below the threshold values of the switches. The signal “A” is then input into the other circuits 64, 66, 68, clamping their respective outputs to zero. Once the output “A” of the circuit 62 is clamped to ground the other circuits will sequentially produce output pulses until a full cycle is completed.

The circuit 72 of FIG. 8 can be used to drive a four n-channel MOSFET, two-step driver 70 depicted in FIG. 7(a) by supplying the timing signals A, B, C, D illustrated in FIG. 7(b) to the four corresponding inputs marked A, B, C, D of the driver 70. The circuit 72 is suitable for use as a clock driver that cycles the clock signal between ground and a positive voltage V. The circuit recovers and reuses the capacitive energy of the clock line through the tank capacitor CT. Usually the energy required to pulse the transistor gates A through D is fully dissipated in stepwise drivers. In this application the pulses are resonantly generated, thus significantly improving the overall efficiency of the stepwise driver 70. The theory of stepwise charging and the practicalities of circuits such as that of FIG. 7(a) are described in L. Svensson, “Adiabatic charging without inductors,” Proc. of the International Workshop on Low-Power Design, San Diego, Calif., pp. 159-164, April 1994 and L. Svensson, W. Athas, R. S-C. Wen, “A sub-CV2 pad driver with 10 ns transition times,” Proc. of the International Symposium on Low-Power Electronics and Design, Monterey, Calif., August 1994.

In the above description it is stated that for the case of r<1, only one of the circuits outputs a pulse at a given time. It also describes that the pulses of each output are almost non-overlapping. However, depending on the application, some amount of overlap in time between pulses is acceptable. Thus “non-overlapping” can vary in the amount of overlap depending on the given application. In some applications the outputs should not overlap while in others there can be some overlap. A small amount of overlap usually turns out to be unimportant from a practical standpoint because of the threshold voltage and body effect in CMOS transistors, for example.

A dual situation exists when r>1. Consider the case of r=2. The pulse interval is twice as long as the off interval. Three circuits 50, 52, 54 can then be combined as shown in FIG. 5(a). Pairs of switches 56, 58, 60 are connected in series. The pulldown path for each of the outputs A, B, C travels through the respective pairs of switches 56, 58, 60 which are driven by two other outputs. For example, the pulldown path from the output A passes through the series pair of switches 56. The switches 56 are driven by the outputs B and C. The result is a pulse stream of three substantially sinusoidal pulses that overlap by 120 degrees as illustrated in FIG. 5(b).

The circuits 50, 52, 54 function as NAND circuits. The output “A”, for example, is activated if either of the inputs “B” or “C” to the switches 56 is not activated. The Boolean equations for the outputs A through D of the circuit 72 are: A=B+C B=A+C C=A+B

This topology can be readily generalized for an arbitrary positive integer value of r. For example, for r=3, each of four pulldown paths includes three switches in series. The three switch inputs come from the three other outputs.

The circuit of FIG. 9(a) combines the p-channel MOSFETS described in FIG. 6 above to form a circuit 82 for negative going pulses. The circuits 76, 78, 80 again function as NAND circuits. Pairs of switches 84, 86, 88 are connected in series. The output waveforms A, B, C are shown in FIG. 9(b). This circuit is useful as a clock driver for charge-coupled devices (CCDs) and reversible shift registers based on bootstrapped gates. The clock signals are 120 degrees out of phase. Note for each clock signal, when one is high, a second one is going low, and the third is going high.

Although the flat sections of the signal generated by the present invention have thus-far been illustrated as having a substantially zero voltage, it is to be understood that the actual voltage level could be positive or negative, depending upon offsets which are intrinsic to the circuit which is actually used.

Similarly, it is by no means essential that a MOSFET be used as the clamping device. Other types of semiconductor devices might be used instead, as well as other types of electronic switching devices and control devices.

Thus far, moreover, the illustrations of the various embodiments of the invention have utilized extremely basic circuitry with very few components. It is contemplated that circuitry implementing the present invention might well have many additional components and might well have vastly different configurations.

The specific embodiments of the invention have been described in detail herein with reference to the accompanying drawings. But it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to these embodiments. Various changes and modifications may be effected by one skilled in the art without departure from the scope or spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims. In short, the invention is limited solely by the following claims. 

1. A pulse generating circuit comprising: a tank circuit configured to resonate; and a control circuit coupled to the tank circuit and configured to cause the tank circuit to produce a stream of substantially sinusoidal shaped resonant periodic pulses that substantially conform to a graph comprising a unit circle and two tangents to the circle that intersect the circle at points A and B, respectively, and that intersect each other at a point C, wherein the longer arc on the circle between the point A and the point B represents the interval between the pulses, wherein the distance from the point A to the point C plus the distance from the point B to the point C represents the off interval between the pulses, $\underset{\_}{{{{wherein}\quad\tan\quad\theta} = \frac{r}{\left( {\frac{\pi}{2} + \theta} \right)}},\quad{and}}$ wherein θ is one-half of the angle BCA and wherein r is the length of the longer arc and is not equal to unity.
 2. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the control circuit includes a switch configured to clamps a voltage generated by the pulse generating circuit to a substantially constant value thereby producing the off interval.
 3. The circuit of claim 2, wherein the tank circuit includes an inductance and wherein the control circuit is configured to cause the switch to only activated when the current flow through the inductance is of the opposite polarity of the forward current through an input voltage source, the inductance, and a reference voltage.
 4. The circuit of claim 3, wherein the control circuit is configured to deactivate the switch, when the current and voltage of the tank circuit have a phase difference of approximately 90 degrees relative to each other.
 5. The circuit of claim 2, wherein the control circuit is configured to cause the switch to prevents the stream of pulses which it clamps from reversing in polarity.
 6. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the pulse generating circuit generates an input reference voltage of approximately zero.
 7. The circuit of claim 6, wherein the pulse generating circuit generates an input direct current voltage less than the reference voltage source.
 8. The circuit of claim 6, wherein the pulse generating circuit generates an input direct current voltage greater than the input reference voltage.
 9. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the control circuit includes a MOSFET.
 10. A method of generating pulses comprising: alternately activating and deactivating a switch electrically connected to an input voltage source, a reference voltage source and a load so as to generate a stream of substantially sinusoidal shaped resonant periodic pulses that substantially conform to a graph comprising a unit circle and two tangents to the circle that interest the circle at points A and B, respectively, and that interest each other at a point C, wherein the longer arc on the circle between the point A and the point B represents the interval between the pulses, wherein the distance from the point A to the point C plus the distance from the point B to the point C represents the off interval between the pulses, ${wherein}\quad\underset{\_}{{r = \frac{{arclength}\quad{AB}}{{segmentBC} + {segmentAC}}},\quad{and}}$ wherein r is not equal to unity.
 11. The method for generating pulses of claim 10, further comprising clamping a voltage to a substantially constant value to produce the off interval.
 12. The method for generating pulses of claim 11, wherein the voltage is first clamped when a current flow through an inductance is of the opposite polarity of the forward current through a path formed by an input voltage source, the inductance, and a reference voltage source.
 13. The method for generating pulses of claim 12 further comprising removing the clamping when the current and voltage of a tank circuit containing the inductance resonate and have a phase difference of approximately 90 degrees relative to each other.
 14. The method for generating pulses of claim 11, wherein the clamping prevents the stream of pulses from reversing in polarity.
 15. A pulse generating circuit comprising: a means for producing a stream of substantially sinusoidal shaped resonant periodic pulses that substantially conform to a graph comprising a unit circle and two tangents to the circle that intersect at points A and B, respectively, and that intersect each other at a point C, wherein the longer arc on the circle between the point A and the point B represents the interval between the pulses, wherein the distance from the point A to the point C plus the distance from the point B to the point C represents the off interval between the pulses; ${wherein}\quad\underset{\_}{{r = \frac{{arclength}\quad{AB}}{{segmentBC} + {segmentAC}}},\quad{and}}$ wherein r is not equal to unity. 